What Is DBMS? — ExploitByte
In early Nineteen Sixties, the primary general purpose software system was designed by Charles Bachman at General electrical, that was later, referred to as as IDS (Integrated information Store).
This IDS fashioned an exploration for introduction of Network information Model, that was later, standardized by CODASYL (Conference on information Systems Languages).
In late Nineteen Sixties, IBM developed the IMS (Information Management System) that was wide used.
This IMS fashioned groundwork for introduction of Hiearchical information Model.
By the venture of IBM and yank Airlines, the SABRE system was launched that facilitate the individuals to order the tickets.
The new information illustration framework was at first launched by King of England Codd, referred to as the relative information model.
each Bachman and King of England Codd were felicitated by ACM Turing Award within the year 1973 and 1981 for the outstanding contribution within the field of info system.
With the time elapsed, the software system system has matured considerably. because the development of relative software system has reached to larger users and therefore the range of advantages from a similar, it had been wide accepted and lots of company homes started exploitation this method for his or her day to day activities.
because the quality of relative software system started increasing, soon IBM, in early Eighties, has developed a SQL (Structured question Language) for relative databases through their SYSTEM/R project.
Later in late Eighties, SQL was standardized and therefore the version SQL-1999 was adopted by ANSI (American National customary Institute) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
Many developments were done on DBMS since its birth. The concept of concurrent programming was introduced in DBMS
system which allowed the users to run their programs concurrently.
Later in 1999, James Gray was awarded by ACM Turing Award for his contribution towards Database Transaction Systems.
The period between 1980 and 1990s saw many advances in the field of DBMS system. Several vendors try to build a system
where more stress is given on complex analysis of data within an enterprise.
Many complex data types such as images, texts etc, were launched during this period and many complex queries are
given more emphasis.
Over a period of time a new type of database system was brought in which was known as Data Warehouse system.
By the introduction of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and MRP (Management Resource Planning) packages, exciting new
features were added to existing database system.
Many other packages like SAP, Baan, Oracle, PeopleSoft which were user friendly, allowed the user to carry out their tasks easily.
Most significant change in DBMS is through integration of DBMS with Internet which allowed DBMS to stored data accessed through Web Browser.
It allowed the user to write their queries through Web forms, and the formatted output is tabulated through mark-up languages
like HTML.
As more and more data grown over a period of time, it is really challenging to maintain the consistency of data.
Today we have multimedia databases, interactive video, streaming data, video libraries has completely change in the way in which data is stored which allowed the company to simplify their decision making process.
Purpose of Database Systems
Database systems arose in response to early methods of computerized management of commercial data. As an example of such methods, typical of the 1960s, consider part of a university organization that, among other data, keeps information about all instructors, students, departments, and course offerings. One way to keep the information on a computer is to store it in operating system files. To allow users to manipulate the information, the system has a number of application programs that manipulate the files, including programs to:
- Add new students, instructors, and courses
- Register students for courses and generate class rosters
- Assign grades to students, compute grade point averages (GPA), and generate transcripts
This typical file-processing system is supported by a conventional operating system. The system stores permanent records in various files, and it needs different application programs to extract records from, and add records to, the appropriate files. Before database management systems (DBMSs) were introduced, organizations usually stored information in such systems. Keeping organizational information in a file-processing system has a number of major disadvantages:
Data redundancy and inconsistency. Since different programmers create the files and application programs over a long period, the various files are likely to have different structures and the programs may be written in several programming languages. Moreover, the same information may be duplicated in several places (files). For example, if a student has a double major (say, music and mathematics) the address and telephone number of that student may appear in a file that consists of student records of students in the Music department and in a file that consists of student records of students in the Mathematics department. This redundancy leads to higher storage and access cost. In addition, it may lead to data inconsistency; that is, the various copies of the same data may no longer agree. For example, a changed student address may be reflected in the Music department records but not elsewhere in the system.
Difficulty in accessing data. Suppose that one of the university clerks needs to find out the names of all students who live within a particular postal-code area. The clerk asks the data-processing department to generate such a list. Because the designers of the original system did not anticipate this request, there is no application program on hand to meet it. There is, however, an application program to generate the list of all students.
Data isolation. Because data are scattered in various files, and files may be in different formats, writing new application programs to retrieve the appropriate data is difficult.
Advantages of DBMS:
Controlling of Redundancy: Data redundancy refers to the duplication of data (i.e storing same data multiple times). In a database system, by having a centralized database and centralized control of data by the DBA the unnecessary duplication of data is avoided. It also eliminates the extra time for processing the large volume of data. It results in saving the storage space.
Improved Data Sharing : DBMS allows a user to share the data in any number of application programs.
Data Integrity : Integrity means that the data in the database is accurate. Centralized control of the data helps in permitting the administrator to define integrity constraints to the data in the database. For example: in customer database we can can enforce an integrity that it must accept the customer only from Noida and Meerut city.
Security : Having complete authority over the operational data, enables the DBA in ensuring that the only mean of access to the database is through proper channels. The DBA can define authorization checks to be carried out whenever access to sensitive data is attempted.
Data Consistency : By eliminating data redundancy, we greatly reduce the opportunities for inconsistency. For example: is a customer address is stored only once, we cannot have disagreement on the stored values. Also updating data values is greatly simplified when each value is stored in one place only. Finally, we avoid the wasted storage that results from redundant data storage.
Efficient Data Access : In a database system, the data is managed by the DBMS and all access to the data is through the DBMS providing a key to effective data processing.
Enforcements of Standards : With the centralized of data, DBA can establish and enforce the data standards which may include the naming conventions, data quality standards etc.
Data Independence : Ina database system, the database management system provides the interface between the application programs and the data. When changes are made to the data representation, the meta data obtained by the DBMS is changed but the DBMS is continues to provide the data to application program in the previously used way. The DBMs handles the task of transformation of data wherever necessary.
Reduced Application Development and Maintenance Time : DBMS supports many important functions that are common to many applications, accessing data stored in the DBMS, which facilitates the quick development of application.
Disadvantages of DBMS
- It is bit complex. Since it supports multiple functionality to give the user the best, the underlying software has become complex. The designers and developers should have thorough knowledge about the software to get the most out of it.
- Because of its complexity and functionality, it uses large amount of memory. It also needs large memory to run efficiently.
- DBMS system works on the centralized system, i.e.; all the users from all over the world access this database. Hence any failure of the DBMS, will impact all the users.
- DBMS is generalized software, i.e.; it is written work on the entire systems rather specific one. Hence some of the application will run slow.
Summary Of DBMS
A Database Management system is the group of interrelated data and a set of programs to access that data.
DBMS must provide efficient techniques in order to protect the data from accidental system crashes.
A primary aim of the database system is to provide a convenient and efficient way to store and retrieve data stored in a database.
The DBMS must ensure that the chances of getting anomalous results when the data is used by more than one set of user.
DBMS system can be used in the fields such as transportation, education, banking, sales, manufacturing, human resource etc.
The first general purpose DBMS was developed by Charles Bachman in early 1960s.
Edgar Codd has suggested a new data representation technique known as relational model.
SQL 1999 was standardized by ANSI and ISO in late 1980s.
Different disadvantages of file system with respect to database system are listed below
- Data redundancy and inconsistency.
- Difficulty in accessing data
- Data isolation
- Concurrent data anomalies
- Security problems
- Integrity problems
- Atomicity problems
o The following are the advantages of DBMS
- Controlling Data redundancy
- Elimination of inconsistency
- Better services to the users
- Better flexibility
- Integrity is improved
- Standards can be enforced.
- Security can be improved etc.
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Originally published at https://exploitbyte.com on January 10, 2022.